Assessment of Microbial Water Quality and Heavy Metal Contamination in the Campus Water Supply at Africa University.

Abstract

This study assessed the microbial water quality and heavy metal contamination in the campus water supply at Africa University in 2025, aiming to ensure the safety and reliability of water for the university community. The investigation specifically focused on evaluating the presence of microbial contaminants, determining the antibiotic resistance profiles of isolated bacteria, and quantifying concentrations of key heavy metals—lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic—across various campus water sources. Adopting a cross-sectional design, a total of 19 water samples were systematically collected from diverse points including residence halls, dining facilities, recreational areas, and the university farm. Microbial analysis involved membrane filtration and culturing on Lauryl Sulphate media, followed by antibiotic susceptibility testing of E. coli isolates, while heavy metals were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results indicated the presence of E. coli in 31.6% of water samples, with highest contamination at the farm and dining hall taps, exceeding WHO recommended limits of 0 CFU/100 mL and signaling potential faecal contamination and public health risks. Furthermore, high resistance was observed to ampicillin (100%) and tetracycline (83.3%) among the E. coli isolates, raising concerns over antimicrobial resistance. Concurrently, concentrations of heavy metals in several water sources significantly exceeded WHO permissible limits, with the highest levels of lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic detected in samples from hostels and dining areas. These findings underscore a dual threat of both microbial and chemical contamination, highlighting an urgent need for improved water treatment, routine monitoring, and infrastructure upgrades to safeguard the health of the campus community.