Investigation of Common Types of Anaemia Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care at Levy Mwanawasa Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia

Abstract

Anemia remains a major public health concern among pregnant women, particularly in low resource settings such as Zambia. This study investigates the prevalence, types, and associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Levy Mwanawasa University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia. A cross-sectional study design was employed, with a sample of 370 pregnant women selected through systematic random sampling. Hemoglobin levels were measured, and anemia was classified into iron deficiency anemia (IDA), folate deficiency anemia (FD), and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (VB12D). Findings indicate a high prevalence of anemia (55.4%) among the study population, with iron deficiency anemia being the most common type (48.6%), followed by folate deficiency anemia (16.2%) and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia (8.1%). Several risk factors were identified, including younger maternal age, multiparity, lower education levels, and gestational age below 28 weeks. These factors contribute to an increased vulnerability to anemia and its associated complications, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and increased maternal morbidity. This study highlights the urgent need for targeted interventions, including routine screening, nutritional supplementation, and health education to mitigate the burden of anemia among pregnant women. Strengthening antenatal care services and promoting access to iron and folate rich foods are recommended to improve maternal and fetal health outcomes. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and healthcare providers to enhance anemia prevention and management strategies in Zambia and similar settings.