Microbial Contamination, Chemical Hazards, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Water from High- and Low-Density Residential Areas of Mutare, Zimbabwe: A Study of Water Quality in 2025.

Abstract

This study investigates microbial contamination, chemical hazards, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns in water samples from high- and low-density residential areas of Mutare, Zimbabwe in 2025. With recent outbreaks of cholera and rising concerns about waterborne diseases, the research aimed to assess the water quality in areas like Sakubva, Chikanga, Murambi, and Greenside Extension. Using culture-based techniques and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), the presence of bacterial species such as Escherichia coli and heavy metals (lead, mercury, arsenic) was determined. The findings showed significantly higher levels of microbial and chemical contaminants in high-density suburbs, particularly Sakubva, which also recorded the highest mean concentrations of lead and arsenic. The isolated E. coli strains exhibited varying antibiotic resistance patterns, with the highest resistance to Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline, while Ciprofloxacin remained the most effective. These results underscore the urgent need for improved water sanitation hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, monitoring of free residual chlorine (FRC), and targeted interventions by local authorities. The study highlights the disparities in water safety and calls for integrated efforts to mitigate public health risks in urban Zimbabwe.